Quantitative estimation of Carthamin and Carthamidin from the Florets C. tinctorius L., (Safflower Florets)

Natural colorants derived fom plant materials have gained increasing popularity due to their non toxic nature. pigment extraction from the florets is normally done by Soxhlet extraction, maceration, and hydro distillation are conventional methods that have been widely used in industry and laboratory .phytochemical analysis of safflower florets revealed the plant presence of high amount of Carthamin and carthamidin.

ORAL CANCER NOVEL TREATMENTS AND APPROACHES

The aggressive tumour known as oral cancer can metastasize, produce a high fatality rate, and infect nearby tissue. Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, for example, are common treatment options that, when used in clinical settings, have both minimal drawbacks and major side effects. Currently, oral therapeutic medication delivery using targeted drug administration is proving to be effective. In recent years, an effective alternative therapy known as “nanomedicine,” or using nanoplatforms to deliver drugs for the treatment of cancer, has evolved. Thanks to the use of nanoplatforms, drug delivery to the tumour site can be done precisely and with minimal drug degradation in the body. As a result, the drug's toxicity is diminished, its concentration at the tumour site is elevated, and its distribution to other organs is kept to minimum. We present a contemporary review of the development medication delivery targeted for the treatment of oral cancer in this article different oral delivery systems, including as cyclodextrins, liposomes, hydrogel-based forms, and nanolipids are highlighted and explored. Biomimetic systems, such as therapeutic vitamins, proteins, exosomes, and virus-like particles, with a focus on cancer treatment, are also described. The study concludes with a brief analysis of future applications for nanoplatforms in the treatment of oral cancer

ROLE OF CIRCULATING MIR-21 EXPRESSION PROFILES AND THEIR EMERGENCE AS POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS IN ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

Among the widest range of prevalent forms of cancer is oral carcinoma, which can develop anywhere in the mouth or even on the lips. Although there have been many advances in cancer treatment, the expected lifespan for OSCCs have indeed increased marginally. The load of OSCC is anticipated to increase in the near future, yet there is no sign of relief in view. Tumorigenesis is just one of the many physiological processes that can be controlled by microRNAs, a class noncoding endogenous RNAs. Several fibrosis disorders have been linked to miR- 21, and it has been utilised to distinguish oral and tongue cancer from healthy individuals. Studies empirically highlighted the significance of these transcripts as a predictor for prediction and diagnosis in OSCCs. Therefore, the present review summarizes the expression levels of miRNAs in OSCCs and evaluates their functioning in the progression or suppression of cancer. miR-21 can be considered as a prospective candidate for their translational use in OSCCs for early diagnosis prognosis surveillance and tailored treatment which should undergo further validation.

BLENDED LEARNING INNOVATIVE EFFECTIVE STUDENT CANTERED EDUCATIONAL STRATEGIES IN THE NURSING PROFESSION

Blended learning, a pedagogical approach is nowadays widely accepted as a combination of both “face-to-face” and online learning components. Concerns have grown throughout time regarding an instructional methodology and a teaching and learning strategy. Several studies and reviews all over the world highlighted that Blended Learning is the most effective method of transferring knowledge to the students and implementation of this approach in professional fields like medical, nursing, and paramedical courses will not only improve the teaching- learning environment but also motivate the students in the self-directed learning approach. The term is specifically given to the educational practice of using a combination of traditional classroom teaching and digital learning. National and internationally this method are being used in an educational institution to motivate the students in effective learning. Computers and technology have their own impact on Integrated learning and the teaching-learning process utilizes these impacts to improve the learning methods of the students.

TOXICITY OF AFLATOXIN B1 TOWARDS THE INDUCING ALTERATIONS IN THE LIVER FUNCTIONS

Since 2003, the world's developing countries are home to more than 5 billion people thought to be at danger of prolonged consumption of contaminated foods that are aflatoxic according to a number of study efforts conducted in South Africa, Egypt, and other countries in west and east Africa. Additionally, the presence occurrence of aflatoxins and their byproducts in animal tissues used to make food (such as beef and sheep meat) may contaminate human diets. As a result of their increasing prevalence, aflatoxins have recently been identified as a significant public health concern. Aflatoxins are dangerous second-generation byproducts of Aspergillus species. Due to their chemical makeup, the majority of aflatoxins are highly liposoluble substances that can be absorption from the exposed site, such as the gastro-intestinal and respiratory tracts, into the bloodstream, where they can then spread throughout the body and reach various organs, including the liver and kidneys. The primary goals of the study were to monitor and screen for levels of aflatoxin B1 in the Karbala Province using a case-control study. The connection between Aflatoxin B1 concentrations and the common biochemical indicators of liver function as well investigated. How alter liver function by Aflatoxin B1. The study also emphasised the necessity to determine the pathophysiology of AFB1's involvement in the rising number of patients with liver dysfunction. AFB1 levels were quantitated using utilising thin layer chromatography, together with High Pressure liquid chromatography being employed for the quantitative identification (HPLC). In the province of Karbala, an analysis of case-control studies was done to look at the Aflatoxin B1 affects (AFB1) exposure on kidney disease patients. AFB1 levels were quantitated using utilising thin layer chromatography with high-performance liquid chromatography to provide quality results. The evaluations of the samples that tested positive for AFB1 as well as the lipid profile and indicators of liver function tests. The findings indicated that the population under investigation had afflatoxins exposure. AFB1 was found in 100% of individuals with unknown kidney disease (KD) and in 24%, 20%, and 100% of patients with known CKD, respectively. AFB1 concentrations in serum samples ranged from 0.68 to 8.33 ng/mL for patients with questionable KD, 1.21 to For patients, 5.60 ng/mL with known KD, likewise, healthy controls ranged from 0.11 to 1.30 ng/mL. The presence of AFB1 was positively and strongly linked with liver enzymes, specifically ALT and ALP. AFB1 levels among serum samples from KD sufferers and wholesome controls showed a prolonged contact with the poison, suggesting an unknown cause. The evaluation of the biochemical marker of liver functioning supported the effect of AFB1 exposure. This work may help build effective nationwide programmes for tracking AFs exposure. The study also emphasised the necessity to determine the pathophysiology of AFB1's involvement in the rising number of patients with liver dysfunction. Future research is urged to concentrate on more comprehensive topics that cover the entire nation (Iraq)

PLACENTAL ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE AS A THRESHOLD CONCEPT FOR EARLY DETECTION OF PRIMARY LUNG CANCER

The biochemical existing tool of diagnostic methods to lung cancer cases need to be improved. In order to validate an early screening of primary tumor patients, a developed a simple procedure or technique was demanded. The aims of this study were to provide an overview of alkaline Placental Alkaline Phosphatase activity in lung cancer. Using heating inactivation method regarding the measurement of Placental Alkaline Phosphatase activity as an early diagnosis marker in lung cancer cases. Total alkaline phosphatase and Placental alkaline phosphatase activity were measured in patients of Lung cancer patients who were classified according to the site of tumor by histological picture. ALP isoenzymes were identified by heat inactivation, and compared with the most frequently applied method (ELISA). Monitoring of the Total ALP and Placental ALP activity in the studied groups using two different methods were shown a highly performance of heating method by an experimental assessment to confirm the accuracy and validity of the proposed method. The distribution of serum placental ALP isoenzyme activity in patients and control groups which was measured by two different methods were found to be (20.2-43.1) IU/L respectively (measured by heating method) and (394.3- 454.5) pg/mL measured by ELISA method) respectively. Placental ALP isoenzyme showed a high significant activity in lung cancer patients than healthy control with p value less than (0.05). That application of the heat inactivation method yields similar indication to the ones obtained by the highly and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results of detection Placental alkaline phosphatase in serum were in excellent agreement and could have a potentially extensive application for Placental alkaline phosphatase quantification.

The Characteristic, Occurrence of Aflatoxin and Associated Risk with Human Health

Aflatoxins are toxins produced by the fungus Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus. They are colorless, cannot be detected under normal light, odorless and contaminated foods most often do not have any special or bad smell. Environmental factors such as the temperature, and vectors causing grain damage have an important effect on favoring the colonization of fungus and the production of aflatoxins. They contaminate agriculture products worldwide affecting their quality, safety & security. The effects on safety & security cause health threats among people and animals on their long-term exposure through consumption because they are mutagenic, teratogenic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic. Humans and animals can develop the disease known as aflatoxicosis as a result of aflatoxins known as Acute and Chronic primary aflatoxicosis. Aflatoxins' long-term effects have been shown to decrease normal immune response also it can cause growth retardation in babies and affect nutritional deficiency. It can disrupt such enzymes that can affect hormones, endocrine glands, and neurotransmitters which may influence a person's cognitive abilities, memory, and learning, restlessness, muscular tremors, seizures, absentmindedness, tremors, uncoordinated movement of muscles, and aberrant agitation are caused by deficiencies in the neurotransmitters. Aflatoxin toxicity in humans can range from acute or chronic conditions to liver damage such as liver carcinoma, internal bleeding, edema, and instant death. Acute toxicosis can cause gastrointestinal dysfunctions in humans and animals. Aflatoxins have been shown to have detrimental negative impacts on vascular fragility and cardiovascular health, tissue bleeding, and teratogenic consequences. According to reports, aflatoxins have severe and detrimental impacts mostly on the respiratory systems it can also cause lung cancer.

Antiviral activities of Cholistani plants against common poultry viruses

@#Herbal medicines are becoming more popular and acceptable day by day due to their effectiveness, limited side effects, and cost-effectiveness. Cholistani plants are reported as a rich source of antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antioxidant, and anticancer agents. The current study has evaluated antiviral potential of selected Cholistani plants. The whole plants were collected, ground and used in extract formation with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. All the extracts were concentrated by using a rotary evaporator and concentrate was finally dissolved in an appropriate vol of the same solvent. All of the extracts were tested for their antiviral potential by using 9-11 days old chick embryonated eggs. Each extract was tested against the Avian Influenza virus H9N2 strain (AIV), New Castle Disease virus Lasoota strain (NDV), Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and an Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Hemagglutination test (HA) and Indirect Hemagglutination (IHA) tests were performed for different viruses. The overall order of the antiviral potential of Cholistani plants against viruses was NDV>IBV>IBDV>AIV. In terms of antiviral activity from extracts, the order of activity was n-butanol>ethyl acetate>n-hexane. The medicinal plants Achyranthes aspera, Neuroda procumbens, Panicum antidotale, Ochthochloa compressa and Suaeda fruticose were very effective against all four poultry viruses through their extracts. The low IC50 values of these extracts confirm the high antiviral potential against these viruses. It is worth to mention that Achyranthes aspera was found positive against IBDV through all its extracts which overcome the problem of unavailability of any known drug against IBDV. In short, the study proved that Cholistani plants are rich source of antiviral agent and their extracts can be used as good source of antiviral drugs both in crude and in purified form.

A Study of Method Development, Validation and Forced Degradation for Quantification of Buprenorphine Hydrochloride in a Microemulsion Formulation.

Objective: Development and validated of a simple, selective RP-HPLC method for the determination of buprenorphine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical microemulsion formulation. A forced degradation study of developed formulation was carried out in accordance with International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines Q1 (R2). Method: The chromatogram was obtained with 10 mmolL−1 potassium phosphate buffer adjusted to pH 6.0 with triethanolamine and acetonitrile (17:83, v/v) as mobile phase, C18 HPLC column (250 × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm) kept at 30◦C and UV detection at 284 nm. The compound was eluted isocratically at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min−1. Results: The average retention time for buprenorphine was 14.319 min. The method was validated according to the ICH guidelines. The validation characteristics included accuracy, precision, linearity, range, specificity, limit of Quantitation and robustness. The calibration curves were linear (R2 > 0.999) over the concentration range 1.0 – 500.0 µgmL−1 for buprenorphine hydrochloride and recovery study for the compound was above 95 %. No spectral or chromatographic interferences from the microemulsion excipients were found. The drug was found to be labile under oxidative stress condition; whereas stable under all other stress conditions. Conclusion: This method is simple, rapid and suitable for routine quality control analysis.

Clinical profile and predisposing factors of cerebral palsy.

This was an analysis of one hundred ten children with cerebral palsy (CP) attending at the Child Development & Neurology Care Center of Dhaka Medical College Hospital during January 2002 to December 2003. These children were observed to study their clinical profile, etiological factors and associated problems. The mean age of these children was 2.9 +/- 2.9 years, mostly being males (n=79, 71.8%). Most of the families of these children belonged to poorer socioeconomic strata. Spastic diplegia constituted the predominant group (34.5 per cent), followed by spastic quadriplegia (25.5 per cent). Dyskinetic CP was present in 15.5 percent of the cases. Hypotonic CP constituted a significant proportion of cases. Delayed Motor Function was observed in all 110 cases, delayed speech was complained in 67.3% cases and impaired hearing was identified in 26.8% CP children. Mothers of 43.6% CP cases reported that they had prolonged labour during delivery and almost one third (29.1%) had suffered from pre-eclampsia or eclampsia. Majority (53.6%) of the CP cases were reported to have had perinatal asphyxia. Comprehensive assessment and early management of these problems are emphasized, which can minimize the extent of disabilities. By proper perinatal care, CP can be prevented.

Prevalencia de las causas de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica en el Servicio de Clínica Médica / Prevalence of the causes of the pulmonary disease obstructiva chronicle in Servicio de Clínica Médica

Se estableció la estrecha relación que existe entre el hábito de fumar y la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) hace muchos años. Sólo en 80% de las EPOC son producidas por fumar y menos del 20% de fumadores desarrollan la EPOC, esto nos lleva a pensar que existen otros factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de la enfermedad; el presente es un trabajo que investiga el hábito de fumar como factor de riesgo EPOC. El objetivo del trabajo es observar la relación del hábito de fumar con el EPOC, a través de un estudio en el cual se describió la función pulmonar en fumadores y no fumadores. La muestra estuvo integrada por 106 personas de ambos sexos entre 22 y 95 años con promedio de 71,17 años. Tuvieron mayoritariamente como antecedente de tabaquismo 81,13% de los cuales el 77,91% fuma mas de 10 cigarrillos por día y 94,19% tiene mas de 10 años de fumador. Los motivos de consulta fueron tos (23,58%); disnea /24,53%); cianosis (16,04%); y otros (35,85%). Se consideró espirometría positiva a VEF. 1 <80% sin reversibilidad o con revesibilidad menor a 12% con broncodilatadores, se catalogó a los pacientes con espirometría positiva como portadores de EPOC, cuyo resultado fueron: estadio 1:14,15%ç; estadio 2:47,17%; estadio 3:38,68%. En base a estos resultados se puede concluir que el tabaquismo sigue siendo un factor muy importante para el desarrollo del EPOC.

Glant sacrococcygeal teratomas

This is a report of two cases of giant sacrococcygeal teratoma [SCT] with completely different clinical appearance, histological pattern, and hematological findings. In the first case, the malignant nature of the tumor was apparent at birth, whereas the second patient had mature, non-malignant tumor and presented after eight months of birth. In the first case early and complete excision cured him completely of his tumor as was evident in his three years follow up with normal alpha-fetoprotein levels. Whereas in the second patient, the benign and mature nature of the tumor prevented malignant change although patient presented late. In both patients reconstruction of anatomical structures was performed. Early and late postoperative appearance was comparable to normal

Effect of some stress factors on plasma testosterone and cortisol levels in male rats

This study demonstrated that acute immobilization stress induced suppression in testosterone and elevation in cortisol levels in plasma of albino rats. The rise in cortisol is partially responsible for the declining in the testosterone concentrations. High serum level of glucocorticoids impaired directly the testicular function, decreased the sensitivity of pituitary gland to LHRH and reduced the hypothalamic release of LHRH. On the other hand, chronic immobilization stress, noisy test and harmony sounds induced a decrease in both testosterone and cortisol plasma levels. This indicated that other mechanisms were implicated in the suppression of testosterone level included the inhibition of the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis by increased prolactin secretion and the release of endogenous opioid peptides

Influence of methylmercury and mercuric chloride administration of the functional state of rat brain muscarinic acetyicholine receptors

The effect of in vivo treatment with methylmercury [MeHg] and mercuric chloride [HgCl[2]] on the binding properties of muscarinic acetyicholine receptors in rat brain synaptosomes was investigated using the potent antagonist L-[[3]H] guinulidinyl benzilate [[3H] QNB] to study binding to the muscarinic receptors. Mercurial compounds were administered via gastric gavage in a single or multiple daily dose [8 mg/kg per dose]. In a single dose treatment the maximum inhibition [40-45%] of [3H] QNB binding was reached after 15 days of treatment with MeHg or HgCI[2]. When rats were treated with five successive doses, [3H] QNB binding decreased markedly with maximum inhibition of about 48% in 12 or 18 days after the last treatment with MeHg and HgCI[2], respectively. On the other hand, the ability of the muscarinic receptor agonist carbamoylcholine to displace [[3]H] QNB binding was not affected by treatment with these mercury compounds, suggesting that they do not have a differential effect on agonist or antagonist binding sites. MeHg caused a maximum inhibition of [3H]QNB binding faster than HgCI[2], and declined to control levels after 30 days